ATENOLOL [TENORMIN] - medicinal drug -study everything.

                               ATENOLOL [TENORMIN]

   Atenolol is firstly discovered in 1916

·         Tenormin (atenolol) is  a β-receptor antagonist.

·         Atenolol is widely used for a treatment of hypertension

AGONIST     Agonist is a that type drug which active some receptors of brain.

ANTAGONIST      antagonist is a that type of drugs which block or stops some messages of brain receptors.

       

 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES :                       

STRUCTURAL FORMULA :

PHYSICAL PROPRETIES :

·         Molecular formula : C₁₄H₂₂N₂O₃

  Molecular weight : 266.33 gm/mole.

·         Malting point : 146 – 148^oC.

·         Boiling point : 508^oC

·         Solubility : solubility in water  13.3 mg/L (25^oC) ,very soluble in alcohol , less soluble in water and chloroform , hardly soluble in ethyl ether.

·         Color : colorless or white.

·         State : crystalline powder.

·         Odor : odorless or somewhat bitter taste.

SYNTHESIS OF ATENOLOL :

 There are two step to prepare atenolol, firstly we have to prepare a their starting material

(4- hydroxyl-phenyl-acetamide) . after that we do further reactions for prepare atenolol.

We have two method here for prepare (4- hydroxyl-phenyl-acetamide) .

Step 1 : preparation of 4- hydroxyl-phenyl-acetamide.

METHOD 1 : preparation of 4- hydroxyl-phenyl-acetamide from 4- hydroxyl-phenyl-glycine.

STATEMENT : do reaction of 4- hydroxyl-phenyl-glycine with mixture of NaCN, NaOH , AND DIMETHYL FORMAMIDE (DMF), at 130^oC temperature , it forms 4- hydroxyl-benzyl-cyanide. After that hydrolysis of 4- hydroxyl-benzyl-cyanide, gives 4- hydroxyl-phenyl-acetamide.

METHOD 2 : preparation of 4- hydroxyl-phenyl-acetamide from 4- hydroxyl-phenyl-acetic- acid.

STATEMENT : the reaction of 4- hydroxyl-phenyl-acetic acid with methanol gives 4- hydroxyl-phenyl-methyl methenoat, after that addition of aq. NH₃ further gives 4- hydroxyl-phenyl-acetamide.

STEP 2:  preparation of atenolol from 4- hydroxyl-phenyl-acetamide.

STATEMENT :  the reaction of 4- hydroxyl-phenyl-acetamide, with epichloro hydrine in the presence of piperidine further gives condensational product, their reaction with isopropyle amine fives a final product as a atenolol.

·         USES OF ATENOLOL :

·         Atenolol used as a antiadrenergic drug

·         It is used many types of conditions like angina , hypertension , long QT syndrome , acute myocardial infarction.

FOR GENERAL KNOWLEDGE :

WHAT IS ADRENERGIC AND ANTIADRENERGIC :

ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS :

·         adrenergic is a type of receptor which located in the near of kidneys, lungs heart, gastrointestinal tract and also vascular muscles.

·         They responsible for produce a signals for respective organs.

There are five types of adrenergic receptors they divided into two groups given bellow.

BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS

β _{1 ,}β₂ , & β₃

ALPHA ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS

α _1, & α₂

   ANTIADRENERGIC RECEPTORS :  some substances are there which react as a antiadrenergic they reduce or block the signals of adrenergic receptors.

HYPERTENSION

•          hypertension is a condition in which the force of blood is very high against artery wall.
•          Hypertension is also called blood pressure.
•          Commonly the pressure of blood is 140/90, and it considered grave if the pressure is increases above the 180/120.
•          Hypertension is also responsible for heart diseases and stroke.

ANGINA (ISCHEMIC CHEST PAIN)

·         these is the type of chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart.

LONG QT SYNDROME (LQTS)

·         this syndrome is related to heart , commonly long qt syndrome is responsible for fast heartbeats compare to normal.

ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

·         acute myocardial infarction is blockage of blood flow from , blood provider heart muscle.

SIDE EFFECT OF TAKING ATENOLOL

·         overdose of atenolol some tymes responsible for vertigo and  lightheadedness.

·         Overdose of atenolol may be reduce the blood flow of arm and leg.

SYMPTOMS OF OVERDOSE

·         Grave Vertigo.

·         Disconcertment breathing.

·         Inflammation in face and throat.

·         It is looks like allergic reactions.

see also :

IBUPROFEN DRUG [NSAID'S] [click here]

ADRENALINE [EPINEPHRINE]  - medicinal drug -hormone  [click here].

orange-II dye or 2-naphthol orange or β-NAPHTHOL ORANGE - mono-azo acidic dye, or basic orange-2  [click here].

crsodine - G  or (2,4-diamino-azobenzene) or mono-azo- basic dye  [click here].

what is science ? all about science.  [click here].

auramine-o or yellow dye or diarylmethane dye or bis [4-(dimethyl amine ) phenyl ] – methanimium chloride. [click here]

michler's ketone[click here]

                                                                           

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